Research on China and Chinese Cultural Revolution

I knew a little bit of general information about China before I began my research, such as its location and population size, but I was excited to learn some new things about it that I hadn't already known. I began my research with some general information about China to fill in the gaps of things that I had a rough understanding of. Out of my research I discovered that China, or the People’s Republic of China, is the world’s second largest country by land area. Russia has obviously got to be number one on that list, but it’s still pretty impressive that China is next in line behind Russia.

China is also the most populous country in the world with a population of over 1.35 billion. I already knew that it was the most populated country, just because it’s a widely known fact, but I had no idea how large the population was in terms of numbers. I wanted to compare this to the US so I looked it up and the US population is approximately 313.9 million. That means China’s population is approximately 4.25 times larger than America’s. I just found that astounding considering how many people I come into contact with when I go out in public. Even though I knew China had a large population, in comparison to America’s, it’s much larger than I thought it was.

Another thing I already knew about China was its geographic location. However, I didn't know much about its border size and how many countries it shares borders with. China is located in East Asia and has the world’s longest combined land border. It also shares borders with 14 nations, which is the same as Russia but larger than any other country in the world. Some of the countries it shares borders with are Nepal, North Korea, and India.

After getting a better grasp on some general information about China, I decided to do some research on something that I know near nothing about, the Chinese Cultural Revolution. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, more commonly known as the Chinese Cultural Revolution, was a social-political movement and the goal was to enforce communism in China. Mao Zedong, the Chairman of the Communist Party of China at the time, wanted to remove capitalist tradition and cultural elements from Chinese society. To get rid of the “revisionists,” whose aim was to restore capitalism, Mao acted through violent class struggle. China’s youth took to Mao’s appeal and formed groups around the country called Red Guard groups. These groups enforced Mao’s communist view and the children in these groups pressured their parents to conform as well. Mao disliked intellectuals and creative people, because he saw them as a threat, so art and literature were removed from the schools and basically banned except for the use to promote communism in propaganda.

As I read more and more about the Chinese Cultural Revolution, my mind kept wondering to Germany’s Third Reich in WWII. There are a lot of similarities between the two. Both wanted conformity, both got the youth involved to pressure adults into assimilating as well, both banned literature and the arts from schools and instead taught collectivism. Because I had no idea what The Chinese Cultural Revolution was, I had no idea how similar it was to Nazi Germany. Although it may be slightly less severe than Germany’s Third Reich, It’s frightening to know that this type of movement has happened more than once in the history of the world. Even though this is an uncomfortable subject to think about, it’s important that we do research it, and teach it, and learn the patterns so that if something like this were to happen again we may realize what’s happening and stop it before it’s too late.

Research on US Immigration Policy

There is an awful lot that I didn't and still don't know about US immigration policy. In my research, I read through a brief history of it and was surprised about a lot that I had read. I had no idea that immigration policy in the US dated back to the early republic. Immigration began to surge after the Civil War which caused the Supreme Court to rule that immigration regulation was a federal responsibility. In turn, they passed the Immigration Act of 1882 which required each immigrant to pay fifty cents to be admitted into the country. I looked it up and today this equals about twelve dollars, which is nothing compared to what some illegal immigrants pay to cross the border today. However, not just anyone was allowed in. They rejected anyone who was likely to become a public charge. There were more acts instilled as Chinese workers arrived to work on projects, like the transcontinental railroad, which prohibited laborers from entering the country. These included the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the Alien Contract Labor laws of 1885 and 1887.  

            Congress passed more restrictions on immigration in the US in the 1900’s because of the arrival of 24 million immigrants from 1900-1924. This is known as the “Great Wave.” By 1907, polygamists, political radicals, people with physical or mental disabilities, and unaccompanied children were also refused admittance into the country. In addition, the Gentleman’s agreement gave Japanese these immigration restrictions too. I thought this was really interesting because, if I understand this right, it means that America not only managed to exclude these groups of people but managed to get Japan to do the same. It is one thing to reject people who have committed crimes or who may commit crimes again because obviously you don’t want to invite people into your home if you know they’re going to cause problems; however, rejecting those who have no control over their disabilities (mental or physical) is incredibly wrong. We should strive to help those in need, not banish them.

            As I continued through the US immigration policy history, more and more restrictions were piled onto the others, especially after WWI and September 11, 2001.  After 9/11, more control over the border was given to the military and in 2002 the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act were passed. Recently, the debates about immigration haven’t settled down. In fact, they've gotten worse. Now America is dealing with the repercussions of all of the controversial bills they've passed, such as the authority to question anyone “reasonably suspected” of being illegal. This has caused things like mass amounts of racial profiling which causes even more debate and issues. We’re blurring the lines of what is morally right and wrong just to keep people out of our country.

While I don’t believe in just letting everybody and anybody into the US, I do think the process for those who are willing to make a better life for themselves and their families while also making good contributions to America should be made easier. The process is so long and complicated that most families find it easier just to come into the country illegally which, as we've seen, doesn't help us or them much in the long run. But then again, these policies were put there for other reasons then just keeping bad people out.  Letting tons of immigrants into the US could also cause more problems as far as population goes. Population growth would then affect many other parts of the economy, like jobs for example. I’m not entirely sure what the solution to all of this is, but there’s got to be something better than what we’re doing now. There’s got to be a solution that will both benefit immigrants who wish to contribute and make good for the country and their families as well as keeping the population numbers under control. Maybe there’s not, but hopefully someday we’ll find it.

Crossing the Wire Response

            Crossing the Wire by Will Hobbs shows the desperation and difficulty people go through to get to the US in an attempt to provide a better life for their loved ones still living in Mexico. In America, there are a lot of negative opinions about people immigrating into the US illegally, especially when it comes to the people who cross the Mexican/American border. However, this book provides an alternative view to the “American perspective” and places the reader in the situation of those on the other side of the border. This is significant because there are very few things in the media and the public eye which defend the opposite side of the immigration conflict in the United States.

            Something I found surprising or difficult to imagine is that there are such young people carrying the burden of having to provide for their families; even more so that they feel the need to risk their lives to immigrate to America in order to make a better living for their families in Mexico. It’s difficult to think about because I, and others I know, always complain about what we don’t have or what’s going wrong in our lives; where in reality, we have much more than many other people ever have in their entire lives. We not only possess more things, like objects or money, but we are also provided with so many opportunities just because of where we were born. All the while, others have to risk a lot just for that chance not only for themselves but for their families.

Another thing I found shocking is the danger of crossing the border, not only on the American side of the border, but on the Mexican side as well. On the Mexican side, the dangers are almost greater because there are people who are willing to hurt you if you don’t pay them money to get you across the border. Alternatively, the book shows the American border patrol as having a more peaceful approach to immigrants. The Americans usually just deport you back to Mexico and aren't really a threat to the physical well-being of the immigrants.

            This book is fairly realistic in terms of the process that Victor goes through to get to America. It was very real that he would have been caught and deported at least once. It was also plausible that he would be separated from, and then possibly reunited with, some of the people he met or knew along the way. I appreciated this book in terms of its realism because it didn't sugar coat anything. Americans should be faced with the truth. They need to be informed about the perspective of the people living similar lives to the characters in this book. They need to be faced with the realism of the risks that people take and the danger they face. It’s important to know that many people who attempt to cross the border don’t make it through alive. When America understands these things, better solutions to the immigration issues may finally be found.

Response to Patricia McCormick's "Sold"

            In Patricia McCormick’s Sold, a young girl from Nepal is sold into human trafficking by her step-father when her family is in need of money. This novel was very difficult and uncomfortable to read. However, it was important for it to take me out of my comfort zone because it was very educational as far as providing information about issues we don’t hear or talk about every day in the US. The most difficult part about reading this book was probably the process of the main character’s loss of innocence. The whole first part of the book, she thought she was going to make money working as a maid in the city to help support her family. Once it was too late, she realized the horrible truth about what had really been done to her.

            In my research, I read a lot about human trafficking in Nepal and India and a lot of what I read had shown up in Sold. One thing that I had read in my research that also showed up within the book was that many women who are trafficked are under the age of fifteen. This is true for the main character of Sold who is only thirteen. In addition, many of the girl and women are sold unknowingly, which was also true for the main character. Another thing I read is that virgin girls are more valuable to human traffickers. This is because there is a common belief in many countries that having sex with a virgin will cure HIV and other STDs. This is something that was also implied in the book. Mumtaz is offering to buy Pushpa’s infant daughter and says, “‘There are men who would pay dearly […] to be with a pure one. Men who think it will cure their disease,’” (196). Mumtaz wants to buy Pushpa’s daughter so that when the girl is old enough, she will be able to make lots of money from a man who has HIV or STDs and will believe she can cure him.

            Other than the plot of the book, I found the way that it was written really interesting. I am a creative writing major, so whenever I read something I pay attention to the authors choices in craft. One element of craft I noticed was that instead of being written in prose, as any other piece of fiction would be, Patricia McCormick wrote in vignettes. Vignettes are short scenes that focus on one moment or gives impressions about a character, object, idea, or setting. I found this really interesting because I’ve never read a book written in vignettes. At first I thought this book was written as poetry, but then I realized some chapters did have a little more of a prose look and feel to them. I think the vignettes worked really well for this story because the fractured sections reflect the fracturing of what the main character knows or what she thought she knew, her innocence, and the path her life takes. The white spaces also create a lot of pauses for readers to breathe, take in, and reflect on what they read. All in all, I think this book was really well written and is a great way to educate on something as unsettling as human trafficking in a realistic but safe environment.

Human Trafficking in Nepal and India

I started my research by typing “Nepal” and “India” into two separate search engines just to get some general information about them. Nepal is located in South Asia in the Himalayas and shares a northern border with China and southern, eastern, and western borders with India. India shares western borders with Pakistan; north-east borders with China, Nepal, and Bhutan; and eastern borders with Burma and Bangladesh. Traditionally, Nepal and India have been close because of their geographic location, their common religious views, and overlapping linguistic and cultural identities. In 1950, they commenced their relationship with the Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship. There was also an accompanying agreement on bilateral trade, trade transporting Indian soil, as well as letters determining their security relations. The treaty and letters stated that both sides must “inform each other of any serious friction or misunderstanding with any neighbouring state likely to cause any breach in the friendly relations subsisting between the two governments” and that “neither government shall tolerate any threat to the security of the other by a foreign aggressor.”

            I also did some research on human trafficking between Nepal and India. A lot of what I read was horrifying and unsettling information to read. One source said that UNICEF reported around 7,000 women and girls being trafficked every year out of Nepal and into India and that currently, there are approximately 200,000 working in Indian brothels. The same source stated that some NGOs reported between 12,000 to 15,000 women and girls trafficked each year. I understand that because human trafficking is such a huge problem, it makes it difficult to track the exact numbers. However, there is a huge difference between what UNICEF reported (7,000) and what NGOs reported (12,000- 15,000). The statistics between the two leaves a gap ranging from 5,000 to 8,000 women and girls being trafficked each year. It’s disturbing to me that these two sources have such a large gap between their estimations. As shocking as that is, I came across another piece of information that was even more so. This source also reported that the average age of women and girls being trafficked is 15, but that some are as young and 7 and as old as 24. It’s terrible enough that there are women being torn from their homes and forced into this life, but the fact that some are as young as 7 makes it even more awful to imagine.

            As I continued my research about human trafficking, I came across an appalling and completely outrageous piece of information. One source said that most of the women and girls being trafficked are virgins. They also said that virgins are more valuable to traffickers because of the myth that having sex with a virgin or younger girl will cure HIV and other STDs. This completely shocked me. How could they believe this to be true? I continued my research and found that this is a common cultural belief in some parts of the world. This myth is such a huge issue because it rapidly spreads HIV and STDs. The people who believe this myth not only pass on HIV and STDs to the girls being trafficked, but to many others. The man may believe himself to be cured and will continue having unprotected sex, in turn, spreading the disease to all of his sexual partners. In addition, the girls being trafficked, now possibly carrying the diseases, will continue being trafficked and spread the diseases to others as well.

            Doing this research was very difficult but I also think that it was very educational and important for me to learn. It has opened my eyes to what a big issue human trafficking is. It’s not only a problem in the sense that women and girls being sold, but in the way it rapidly spreads HIV and STDs. The fact that many cultures around the world believe in the myth about curing HIV and STDs was something I had never even considered when thinking about human trafficking. Although these things may be uncomfortable to read about, it’s important to increase awareness about them so that more can be done to help prevent it from happening in the future.

Museum Display Artifact Narrations

My father was in the Navy for 20 years so I spent a lot of my early childhood moving (about every two to three years) until he finally retired when I was in eighth grade. I was born in San Diego and shortly afterwards we moved to Tennessee for a few months. After that we moved to Washington until I was two and my dad was then stationed in Misawa, Japan. We lived there until I was four and my little sister Kori, was born there. Even though I was very young, I remember bits and pieces, like the grand, colorful parades and festivals they held. I also remember a lot of Japanese people wanting to touch my then blonde hair for good luck. Their culture was very different from ours, but because I was so young when we lived there, I didn't really pay attention to the differences. After Japan, my dad was stationed in Port Orchard, Washington; Lemoore, California; and finally, when I was in fourth grade, we moved to Belfair, Washington. Belfair was our final move and where I grew up. Having to move so often was difficult, but it taught me a lot about the reality of life. People will always be in and out of your life. This taught me to appreciate the time you have with the people who are in your life because they might be here today, but they could just as easily be gone or moving away tomorrow. It also taught me the importance of being able to keep in contact with people even after you leave them. This lifestyle also showed me the importance of experiencing other cultures and lifestyles by allowing me to do so, no matter how mildly or extremely different they were from my own.

In addition to the moving, growing up without having my dad around all the time made me realize how difficult it must have been for my mom to raise three girls on her own. Being older and looking back on it, I can see everything my mom has done and sacrificed for my sisters and I. Compared to our lifestyle now, we didn't have a lot, but we didn't realize it then because we always had what we needed. This knowledge has opened my eyes to what it really means to be a parent and has prepared me for the future to know the type of parent I want to be. My mother has not only taught me what it means to be a parent, but she also influenced me in the way I decide to live my everyday life. She always stressed the importance of looking at things from all angles and perspectives. Her positive attitude, even in times of struggle, made a huge difference in how I chose to view the events going on in my own life. She taught me that laughter, especially the ability to laugh at yourself when something goes wrong, is an important thing to be able to do. It’s important not to take everything so seriously and to find light in all moments of life. She always told me “only you can decide whether you’re going to have a good day or a bad day.” This is something I believe to be true and constantly remind myself of when I’m having a bad day.

Even though my Dad was gone a lot, whenever he was home he made sure he spent every minute he could with my mom, my sisters, and I. He’s the one who got me into sports as a child. When I was younger he encouraged me to try out for multiple sports. I tried basketball, softball, and soccer. Eventually I realized that I liked soccer and softball most so those are the sports I stuck with. My Dad used to play soccer and would practice with me outside whenever he was home. He would also help my sisters and I practice for softball, showing us how to throw, pitch, and hit properly. Besides sports, my dad also taught me the importance of being motivated. I struggled a lot in school, mostly in elementary and middle school. I struggled mainly with math. After school, he would sit down with me and work on my math homework until I understood it. He wouldn't let me give up, no matter how upset I got. It’s because of him that school became so important to me and that I continued to be motivated to get good grades in high school and college. Whenever I had or have good grades to show him, it’s my way of thanking him for not allowing me to give up on myself and instead encouraging me to succeed. I am currently the only child in my family who has gone to and actually followed through with college. My dad also taught me the importance of being able to network. Unlike me, he has always been a very social person. By having the skill of networking, he has come across so many opportunities for himself, my sisters, and I. Networking is a major part of the American culture, because in almost any job you get you’re going to have to interact with people. Just by being an example, my dad has taught me a lot about that part of our culture and how important it is to utilize that skill.

Although I personally am not Mormon, I grew up around people who are. My mother’s side of the family practices Mormonism as their religion and so does my best friend, Jenelle. From fourth grade through high school I attended youth group and other church activities with Jenelle. I also attended church a couple of times with her, as well as my grandmother when my family visited. In doing so, I learned a lot about the religion and their beliefs. Even though I never adopted Mormonism as my religion, it did have an impact on me. It gave me the opportunity to examine the religion and decide whether or not it was right for me. In the end, I decided that there were some things that I agreed with and some that I did not. I had some good experiences with the church as well as some not so good experiences. In turn, I decided that attending this church wasn't necessarily for me. This sparked my interest in religion though, and as I did research on other religions, I began to doubt that attending any church would be right for me. I decided that I had more of an interest in learning about religions than actually adopting one. Even so, I was able to notice and find comfort in my own beliefs. I was discovered what works best for me as far as spirituality and religion goes. Although attending a church isn’t for me, I still believe in God and that I can have a relationship with him through prayer and reading the Bible. The relationship that I feel I have with God has become an important part of my life and has helped shape who I am. In turn, I am grateful for the experiences I’ve had with religion through my family members, best friend, and other members of the Church of the Latter Day Saints because without it, I would be a very different person.

My Grandmother taught me the importance of being a good neighbor (not just in the sense of living next door to someone) and the significance of “time” and how to use it wisely. She always donated her time to others, whether it was to people in her church, her neighborhood, her family, and even complete strangers. She was never the type of person to say “no” to someone in need. Seeing what a charitable person she was made me strive to be more like her. She also spent a lot of time with me teaching me about our family history. She had a large binder filled with information about our family history, and whenever I visited her, she’d pull it out for me to look through. She answered every question I had and loved to tell me stories that were passed down through the family. She sparked my interest in genealogy and made me realize the importance of our family history and knowing where we come from.

Jenelle has been my best friend since fourth grade. I really admired her as a person and friend, her outgoing attitude, the way she carried herself, her morals, and her values. I was always very shy, but somehow she managed to get me to break out of my shell a little every now and then. She has always been a very positive and happy person, which reflected back on me and my own attitude. She read a lot and introduced me to many different books, series, and authors, which remain some of my favorites today. I used to hate reading because I struggled with it, but as she continued forcing me to read all of these wonderful books, I realized what an amazing thing reading was. This also ignited my love for writing.

I am currently an English major with the creative writing option and am about to graduate in June with my Bachelor of Arts degree. What got me here was my discovery of a love for reading, thanks to my best friend Jenelle. Without her I probably never would have picked up a book and read it completely voluntarily. Because she ignited my love in reading, I was also able to discover a love of writing. I used to sit and daydream about things that would make for great books, or books that I would love to read and haven’t found yet. Eventually, I decided to write these stories myself. Since then, I took every English and creative writing class that I could in high school. After graduation, I decided that I was not done learning about literature and writing. As soon as I was accepted into EWU, I knew exactly what my major would be. Even though I was not allowed to declare my major until I was a junior, I took mostly English, literature, and writing courses, in addition to the few other subjects that were required for me to take. In continuing my education, I was also able to learn about other subjects that tie into writing such as publishing and editing, which are two very important things for writers to be familiar with. Reading and writing continues to be a part of my everyday life and shaped me into who I am. It allows me an escape from the world I live in, but it also helps me deal with thoughts and emotions that I might be having. It has been a huge influence over me and has created a career path that I otherwise never would have considered had Jenelle not introduced me to the wonders of reading.

Response to Kampung Boy

I was first introduced to Kampung Boy in a Graphic Novel course I took Spring quarter of 2013. It was not an assigned text that we read; however, I had a classmate who did one of their presentations on it. From that presentation, I was provided with some of the central themes of the graphic novel: rural life in Malaysia, culture, coming of age, family, and the outside world. I kept these themes in mind while reading this graphic novel and each was very apparent. The religious aspect was the thing I noticed most because of the research I did on Malaysia.

Before reading this text, I had the idea that religion would play a large role in this story and in the life of the main character. The reason why I suspected this was because of the research I had previously done on Malaysia. In my research, I discovered that the state religion of Malaysia is Islam and that the majority of the population practices it as their religion. As I read the story, it was confirmed that the main character, as well as the other occupants of Kampung, practiced Islam as their religion. This also confirmed my suspicion that the Islamic religion would play a large role in this story and the character’s life. I first saw that my conception was confirmed within the first few pages of the book. For example, a few days after the main character is born, his family and friends of the family hold a “hair-shaving ceremony” for him and then afterwards, they sing a religious song about the prophet as he swings in a hammock. I looked up “hair-shaving ceremony” because I have very little background knowledge of Malaysia and the Islamic religion. I discovered that the “hair-shaving ceremony” is actually a part of the Malayan culture, not particularly of the Islamic religion. It is believed that shaving and bathing the newborn purifies the child. This was interesting to me because, to my knowledge, in American, we don’t really have a similar tradition. That is, unless you count baptism, but either way, we don’t typically shave an infant’s head to purify them.

Another theme that I paid close attention to while reading this graphic novel was coming of age. This story is very much about the main character's coming of age. In the beginning, the main character is young and naïve to the world around him. As he grows older he is given responsibilities and becomes aware that there are expectations placed upon him. For example, when he turns six, he is enrolled in school where he is expected to learn the Koran. His father also expects him to thrive in school and graduate so that he may attend a boarding school in Ipoh for higher education. It is also revealed that after he completes his higher education, he will inherit and run his father’s rubber plantation.  These expectations prove to be a heavy burden on the main character because it dictates his whole life. In addition, it's obvious that the main character respects his parents and does not want to disappoint his father. In turn, he does focus in school, he passes his test, graduates, and in the end, he leaves Kampung to attend the boarding school his father had planned for him to go to. As he leaves, he comes to the realization that he may never return to Kampung, and even if he does, it may never be the same as it was when he left it. I believe this to be the moment that the main character truly becomes an adult.

This book was enjoyable to read and it taught me a lot about growing up in Malaysia, the Malaysian culture, and the Islamic religion. It opened my eyes to the importance of religion and education within the Kampung community. It also allowed me to see some similarities between our culture and the Malaysian culture. For example, respect for your elders is a huge similarity that I noticed between the Malaysian culture and my own. Another similarity was the coming of age aspect, because everyone, no matter where they are from, eventually has expectations thrust upon them and has to fulfill their responsibilities. I didn’t expect to find so many similarities between the Malaysian culture and my own, but I’m glad I did. Doing so opened my eyes to the knowledge that we are not so different and it also allowed me to relate to and sympathize with the main character as I read the book.